Genetics Somalis

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1 genetics

1.1 y-dna
1.2 mtdna
1.3 autosomal dna
1.4 hla antigens





genetics
y-dna

a somali man in traditional taqiyah.


according y chromosome studies sanchez et al. (2005), cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), somalis paternally closely related other afro-asiatic-speaking groups in northeast africa. besides comprising majority of y-dna in somalis, e1b1b (formerly e3b) haplogroup makes significant proportion of paternal dna of ethiopians, sudanese, egyptians, berbers, north african arabs, many mediterranean populations. sanchez et al. (2005) observed m78 (e1b1b1a1) subclade of e1b1b in 70.6% of somali male samples. according cruciani et al. (2007), presence of subhaplogroup in horn region may represent traces of ancient migration egypt/libya.


after haplogroup e1b1b, second occurring y-dna haplogroup among somalis west asian haplogroup t (m184). clade observed in more 10% of somali males generally, frequency peak among somalis in dire dawa (82.4%) , djibouti (~74%). haplogroup t, haplogroup e1b1b, typically found among other populations of northeast africa, maghreb, near east , mediterranean.


mtdna

a somali schoolgirl.


according mtdna studies holden (2005) , richards et al. (2006), significant proportion of maternal lineages of somalis consists of m1 haplogroup. mitochondrial clade common among ethiopians , north africans, particularly egyptians , algerians. m1 believed have originated in asia, parent m clade represents majority of mtdna lineages. haplogroup thought possibly correlate afro-asiatic language family:



analysed mtdna variation in ~250 persons libya, somalia, , congo/zambia, representatives of 3 regions of interest. our initial results indicate sharp cline in m1 frequencies not extend sub-saharan africa. while our north , east african samples contained frequencies of m1 on 20%, our sub-saharan samples consisted entirely of l1 or l2 haplogroups only. in addition, there existed significant amount of homogeneity within m1 haplogroup. sharp cline indicates history of little admixture between these regions. imply more recent ancestry m1 in africa, older lineages more diverse , widespread nature, , may indication of back-migration africa middle east.



autosomal dna

a young somali man.


according autosomal dna study hodgson et al. (2014), afro-asiatic languages spread across africa , near east ancestral population(s) carrying newly identified non-african genetic component, researchers dub ethio-somali . ethio-somali component today common among afro-asiatic-speaking populations in horn of africa. reaches frequency peak among ethnic somalis, representing majority of ancestry. ethio-somali component closely related maghrebi non-african genetic component, , believed have diverged other non-african ancestries @ least 23,000 years ago. on basis, researchers suggest original ethio-somali carrying population(s) arrived in pre-agricultural period near east, having crossed on northeastern africa via sinai peninsula. population split 2 branches, 1 group heading westward toward maghreb , other moving south horn. ancient dna analysis indicates foundational ancestry in horn region akin of neolithic farmers of southern levant.


hla antigens

the analysis of hla antigens has helped clarify possible background of somali people, distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. according mohamoud et al. (2006):



hla antigens of somali population not categorised of other international ethnic groups. analysed hla antigens of 76 unrelated somalis lived in west of england. hla -a, -b, -c , drb1 typing performed polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes (pcr-ssop) @ low-intermediate resolution level. phenotype frequency, gene frequency , haplotype frequency used study relationship between somalis , other relevant populations. antigens highest frequencies hla -a1, a2, , a30; b7, b51 , b39; cw7, cw16, cw17, cw15 , cw18; dr 13, dr17, dr8 , dr1. hla haplotypes high significance , characteristics of somali population b7-cw7, b39-cw12, b51-cw16, b57-cw18. result of hla class , class ii antigen frequencies show somali population appear more similar arab or caucasoid african populations. results consistent hypothesis, supported cultural , historical evidence, of common origin of somali population.









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