Social stratification Somalis

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traditional distribution of ethnic somali clans.


within traditional somali society, other ethnic groups in horn of africa region, there has been social stratification. according historian donald levine, these comprised high-ranking clans, low-ranking clans, caste groups, , slaves. rigid hierarchy , concepts of lineal purity contrast relative egalitarianism in clan leadership , political control.


nobles constituted upper tier , known bilis. consist of individuals of ethnic somali ancestral origin, , have been endogamous. nobles distinguished europid physical features, different of negro africans. believe great pride of arabian ancestry, , trace stirp muhammad s lineage of quraysh , of companions. although not consider culturally arabs, except shared religion, presumed noble arabian origins genealogically unite them.


the lower tier designated sab, , distinguished heterogeneous constitution , agropastoral lifestyle linguistic , cultural differences. third somali caste strata made of artisanal groups, endogamous , hereditary. among caste groups, midgan traditionally hunters , circumcision performers. tumal (also spelled tomal) smiths , leatherworkers, , yibir (also spelled yebir) tanners , magicians.


according anthropologist virginia luling, artisanal caste groups of north closely resembled higher caste kinsmen, being caucasoid other ethnic somalis. although ethnically indistinguishable each other, state mohamed eno , abdi kusow, upper castes have stigmatized lower ones.


outside of somali caste system slaves of bantu origin , physiognomy (known jareer or adoon). distinct physical features , occupations differentiated them somalis , positioned them inferior within social hierarchy.








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