Biography John III Sobieski




1 biography

1.1 youth
1.2 commander
1.3 king of poland
1.4 battle of vienna
1.5 later years , death





biography
youth

olesko castle, birthplace of john sobieski


john sobieski born on 17 august 1629, in olesko, ukraine, part of ruthenian voivodeship in crown of kingdom of poland, polish–lithuanian commonwealth renowned noble family de sobieszyn sobieski of janina coat of arms. father, jakub sobieski, voivode of ruthenia , castellan of kraków; mother, zofia teofillia daniłowicz granddaughter of hetman stanisław Żółkiewski. john sobieski spent childhood in Żółkiew. after graduating nowodworski college in kraków in 1643, young john sobieski graduated philosophical faculty of jagiellonian university in 1646. after finishing studies, john , brother marek sobieski left western europe, spent more 2 years travelling. visited leipzig, antwerp, paris, london, leiden, , hague. during time, met influential contemporary figures such louis ii de bourbon, charles ii of england , william ii, prince of orange, , learned french, german, , italian, in addition latin.


both brothers returned commonwealth in 1648. upon receiving news of death of king władysław iv vasa , hostilities of khmelnytsky uprising, volunteered army. both fought in siege of zamość. founded , commanded own banners (chorągiew) of cavalry (one light, cossack , , 1 heavy, of polish hussars). soon, fortunes of war separated brothers. in 1649, jakub fought in battle of zboriv. in 1652, marek died in tatar captivity after capture @ battle of batih. john promoted rank of pułkownik , fought distinction in battle of berestechko. promising commander, john sent king john ii casimir 1 of envoys in diplomatic mission of mikołaj bieganowski ottoman empire. there, sobieski learned tatar language , turkish language , studied turkish military traditions , tactics. participated part of briefly allied polish-tatar forces in 1655 battle of okhmativ.


after start of swedish invasion of poland known deluge , john sobieski among greater polish regiments led krzysztof opaliński, palatine of poznań capitulated @ ujście, , swore allegiance king charles x gustav of sweden. however, around late march 1656, abandoned side, returning side of polish king john ii casimir vasa, enlisting under command of hetmans stefan czarniecki , jerzy sebastian lubomirski.


commander

portrait of john iii jan tricius


by 26 may 1656 received position of chorąży koronny (standard-bearer of crown). during three-day-long battle of warsaw of 1656, sobieski commanded 2,000-man strong regiment of tatar cavalry. took part in number of engagements on next 2 years, including siege of toruń in 1658. in 1659 elected deputy sejm (polish parliament), , 1 of polish negotiators of treaty of hadiach cossacks. in 1660 took part in last offensive against swedes in prussia, , rewarded office of starost of stryj. afterward took part in war against russians, participating in battle of slobodyshche , battle of lyubar, , later year again 1 of negotiators of new treaty cossacks (the treaty of cudnów).


through personal connections, became strong supporter of french faction in polish royal court, represented queen marie louise gonzaga. pro-french allegiance reinforced in 1665, when married marie casimire louise de la grange d arquien , promoted rank of grand marshal of crown.


in 1662 again elected deputy sejm, , took part in work on reforming military. member of sejm in 1664 , 1665. in between participated in russian campaign of 1663. sobieski remained loyal king during lubomirski rebellion of 1665–66, though difficult decision him. participated in sejm of 1665, , after delays, accepted prestigious office of marshal of crown on 18 may year. around late april or may 1666 received high office of commonwealth, of field crown hetman. afterward, defeated @ battle of mątwy, , signed agreement of Łęgonice on 21 july, ended lubomirski rebellion.



john iii sobieski, victor of battle of khotyn


in october 1667 achieved victory on cossacks of petro doroshenko , crimean tatar allies in battle of podhajce during polish–cossack–tatar war (1666–71). allowed him regain image skilled military leader. later year, in november, first child, james louis sobieski born in paris. on 5 february 1668 achieved rank of grand hetman of crown, highest military rank in polish–lithuanian commonwealth, , thereby de facto commander-in-chief of entire polish army. later year supported french candidacy of louis, grand condé polish throne, , after candidacy fell apart, philip william, elector palatine. following election of michał korybut wiśniowiecki joined opposition faction; , allies helped veto several sejms (including coronation ones), , attitude once again resulted in him losing popularity among regular szlachta. while pro-french stance in politics alienated some, military victories against invading tatars in 1671 helped him gain other allies. year 1672 saw internal politics destabilizing commonwealth, pro-french faction of sobieski , pro-court faction of king michał formed 2 confederations, despite major ottoman incursions in south seemed more concerned 1 uniting defend country. court faction called openly confiscation of estates , dismissal office, , declared him enemy of state . division culminated in humiliating treaty of buchach, commonwealth forced cede territories ottomans, promise annual tribute. sobieski succeeded in balancing politics , national defense, , combination of military victories on invaders, , successful negotiations @ sejm in april 1673, led compromise in court faction dropped demands , challenges against him.


on 11 november 1673 sobieski added major victory list, time defeating ottomans in battle of khotyn , capturing fortress located there. news of battle coincided death of king michal day before battle. made sobieski 1 of leading figures of state, on 19 may following year, elected monarch of commonwealth. candidacy universally supported, dozen or members of diet opposing him (mainly centered around magnates of lithuanian pac family). in light of war, requiring sobieski on front lines, coronation ceremony delayed – crowned john iii 2 years later, on 2 february 1676.


king of poland

sobieski s coronation (1676), relief, wilanów palace


though poland-lithuania @ time largest , 1 of populous states of europe, sobieski became king of country devastated half century of constant war. treasury empty , court had little offer powerful magnates, allied foreign courts rather state.


sobieski had number of long term plans, including establishing own dynasty in commonwealth, regaining lost territories, , strengthening country through various reforms. 1 of ambitions unify christian europe in crusade drive turks out of europe. @ beginning of reign, however, polish state in dire fiscal straits , faced military threats north. king louis xiv of france promised mediate truce between ottomans , poland sobieski focus attentions on prussia. negotiations ended in failure , sobieski s baltic goals had tempered immediate reality of ottoman threat south.


in autumn of 1674, recommenced war against ottomans , managed recapture number of cities , fortresses including bratslav, mogilev, , bar, re-established fortified line defending poland s southern border in ukraine. in 1675, sobieski defeated turkish , tatar offensive aiming @ lviv. in 1676, tatars began counter-offensive , crossed dneper, not retake strategic town of Żórawno, , peace treaty (the treaty of Żurawno) signed afterwards. although kamieniec podolski , of podolia remained part of ottoman empire, poland gained return of towns of bila tserkva , pavoloch.


the treaty ottomans began period of peace needed repair of country , strengthening of royal authority. sobieski managed reform polish army completely. army reorganised regiments, infantry dropped pikes, replacing them battle-axes, , polish cavalry adopted hussar , dragoon formations. sobieski increased number of cannon , introduced new artillery tactics.



relief of vienna bacciarelli


sobieski wanted conquer prussia swedish troops , french support. regaining control of autonomous province in commonwealth s best interest, , sobieski hoped become part of family domain. end made secret treaty of jaworów (1675), achieved nothing. wars ottoman empire not decisively won commonwealth, ruler of brandenburg-prussia made treaties france, prussia defeated swedish invasion, , sobieski s plans commonwealth s own military campaign against prussia opposed commonwealth magnates, many of them taking prussian side. backed brandenburg , austria, internal enemies of sobieski planned dethrone him , elect charles of lorraine.


the french-prussian treaty of 1678 meant sobieski lost major foreign ally planned campaign against prussia; consequently started distance himself pro-french faction, in turn resulted in cooling down of polish-french relations. during sejm of 1683, french ambassador expelled involvement plan dethrone sobieski, marking end of polish-french alliance. @ same time sobieski made peace pro-habsburg faction , started gravitate towards alliance austria. did not end existence of strong internal opposition sobieski; however, changed number of allegiances, , further opposition temporarily weakened through king s successful political maneuvering, including granting grand hetman office 1 of opposition s chief leaders, stanisław jan jabłonowski.


conscious poland lacked allies , risked war against of neighbours (a situation similar deluge), 1683 sobieski allied himself leopold i, of holy roman empire. both sides promised come 1 s aid if capitals threatened. alliance signed royal representatives on 31 march 1683, , ratified emperor , polish parliament within weeks. although aimed directly against ottomans , indirectly against france, had advantage of gaining internal support defense of poland s southern borders. beginning of become holy league, championed pope innocent xi preserve christendom.


meantime, in spring of 1683, royal spies uncovered turkish preparations military campaign. sobieski feared target might polish cities of lwów , kraków. counteract threat, sobieski began fortification of cities , ordered universal military conscription. in july, austrian envoy asked polish assistance. afterward, polish army started massing expedition against ottomans, , in august joined bavarians , saxon allies under charles of lorraine.


battle of vienna


victorious john iii sobieski @ battle of vienna in 1683, equestrian portrait jerzy siemiginowski-eleuter


sobieski s greatest success came in 1683, victory @ battle of vienna, in joint command of polish , german troops, against invading ottoman turks under kara mustafa. upon reaching vienna on 12 september, ottoman army close breaching walls, sobieski ordered full attack. in morning, united army of 65,000–76,000 men (including 22,000,-27,000 poles) attacked turkish force of 300,000–350,000 men. @ 5 pm, after observing infantry battle kahlenberg hilltop, sobieski led polish husaria cavalry along austrians , germans in massive charge down hillside. soon, ottoman battle line broken , ottoman forces scattered in disarray. @ 5:30 pm, sobieski entered deserted tent of kara mustafa , battle of vienna ended.


the pope , other foreign dignitaries hailed sobieski savior of vienna , western european civilization. in letter wife, wrote, common people kissed hands, feet, clothes; others touched me, saying: ah, let kiss valiant hand!



sobieski sending message of victory pope after battle of vienna, jan matejko, 1880, national museum, kraków


the war ottomans not yet over, , sobieski continued campaign battle of párkány on 7–9 october. after victories, polish found junior partner in holy league, gaining no lasting territorial or political rewards. prolonged , indecisive war weakened sobieski s position @ home. next 4 years poland blockade key fortress @ kamenets, , ottoman tatars raid borderlands. in 1691, sobieski undertook expedition moldovia, better results, still no decisive victories.


later years , death

although king spent time on battlefields, suggest state of health, towards end of life became , increasingly ill.


king john iii sobieski died in wilanów, poland on 17 june 1696 sudden heart attack. wife, marie casimire louise, died in 1716 in blois, france, , body returned poland. interred in wawel cathedral, kraków, poland. succeeded augustus ii.








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