Schleswig-Holstein Question Schleswig-Holstein

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the german national awakening followed napoleonic wars gave rise strong popular movement in holstein , southern schleswig unification new prussian-dominated germany. development paralleled equally strong danish national awakening in denmark , northern schleswig. movement called complete reintegration of schleswig kingdom of denmark , demanded end discrimination against danes in schleswig. ensuing conflict called schleswig-holstein question. in 1848, king frederick vii of denmark declared grant denmark liberal constitution , immediate goal danish national movement ensure constitution not give rights danes, i.e., not in kingdom of denmark, danes (and germans) living in schleswig. furthermore, demanded protection danish language in schleswig (the dominant language in quarter of schleswig had changed danish german since beginning of 19th century).


a liberal constitution holstein not considered in copenhagen, since known political élite of holstein more conservative copenhagen s. representatives of german-minded schleswig-holsteiners demanded schleswig , holstein unified , allowed own constitution , schleswig join holstein member of german confederation. these demands rejected danish government in 1848, , germans of holstein , southern schleswig rebelled. began first schleswig war (1848–51), ended in danish victory @ idstedt.


in 1863, conflict broke out again when king frederick vii of denmark died without legitimate issue. according order of succession of denmark , schleswig, crowns of both denmark , schleswig pass duke christian of glücksburg, became christian ix. transmission of duchy of holstein head of (german-oriented) branch of danish royal family, house of augustenborg, more controversial. separation of 2 duchies challenged augustenborg heir, claimed, in 1848, rightful heir of both schleswig , holstein. promulgation of common constitution denmark , schleswig in november 1863 prompted otto von bismarck intervene , prussia , austria declared war on denmark. second war of schleswig, ended in danish defeat. british attempts mediate in london conference of 1864 failed, , denmark lost schleswig (northern , southern schleswig), holstein, , lauenburg prussia , austria.







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