The Tusculan Papacy.2C 1012.E2.80.9359 Saeculum obscurum

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after several crescentii family popes 1012, theophylacti still nominated sons popes:



pope benedict viii, son of count gregory i; (1012–24)
pope john xix, son of count gregory i, (1024–32)
pope benedict ix, son of alberic iii; (1032–44; 1045; 1047–48)
antipope benedict x, son of alberic iii (1058–59); driven out of rome after small war.

pope benedict ix went far sell papacy religious godfather, pope gregory vi (1045–46). changed mind, seized lateran palace, , became pope third time in 1047–48.


the tusculan papacy ended election of pope nicholas ii, assisted hildebrand of sovana against antipope benedict x. hildebrand elected pope gregory vii in 1073 , introduced gregorian reforms, increasing power , independence of papacy.







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