Human genomic models Settlement of the Americas

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the development of high-resolution genomic analysis has provided opportunities further define native american subclades , narrow range of asian subclades may parent or sister subclades. example, broad geographic range of haplogroup x has been interpreted allowing possibility of western eurasian, or european source population native americans, in solutrean hypothesis, or suggesting pre-last glacial maximum migration americas. analysis of ancient variant of haplogroup x among aboriginals of altai region indicates common ancestry european strain rather descent european strain. further division of x subclades has allowed identification of subhaplogroup x2a, regarded specific native americans. further definition of subclades related native american populations, requirements sampling asian populations find closely related subclades grow more specific. subhaplogroups d1 , d4h3 have been regarded native american specific based on absence among large sampling of populations regarded potential descendants of source populations, on wide area of asia. among 3764 samples, sakhalin - lower amur region represented 61 oroks. in study, subhaplogroup d1a has been identified among ulchis of lower amur river region(4 among 87 sampled, or 4.6%), along subhaplogroup c1a (1 among 87, or 1.1%). subhaplogroup c1a regarded close sister clade of native american subhaplogroup c1b. subhaplogroup d1a has been found among ancient jōmon skeletons hokkaido modern ainu regarded descendants of jōmon. occurrence of subhaplogroups d1a , c1a in lower amur region suggests source population region distinct altai-baikal source populations, sampling did not reveal 2 particular subclades. conclusions regarding subhaplogroup d1 indicating potential source populations in lower amur , hokkaido areas stand in contrast single-source migration model.


subhaplogroup d4h3 has been identified among han chinese. subhaplogroup d4h3 china not have same geographic implication subhaplotype d1a amur-hokkaido, implications source models more speculative. parent lineage, subhaplotype d4h, believed have emerged in east asia, rather siberia, around 20k cal years bp. subhaplogroup d4h2, sister clade of d4h3, has been found among jōmon skeletons hokkaido. d4h3 has coastal trace in americas.


the contrast between genetic profiles of hokkaido jōmon skeletons , modern ainu illustrates uncertainty in source models derived modern dna samples:



however, due small sample size or close consanguinity among members of site, frequencies of haplogroups in funadomari skeletons quite different modern populations, including hokkaido ainu, have been regarded direct descendant of hokkaido jomon people.



the descendants of source populations closest relationship genetic profile time when differentiation occurred not obvious. source population models can expected become more robust more results compiled, heritage of modern proxy candidates becomes better understood, , fossil dna in regions of interest found , considered.








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