Work songs Daina (Lithuania)




1 work songs

1.1 herding songs
1.2 ploughing songs
1.3 haymaking songs
1.4 rye harvesting songs
1.5 oat harvesting, flax , buckwheat pulling , hemp gathering songs
1.6 milling songs
1.7 spinning , weaving songs
1.8 laundering songs
1.9 fishing songs
1.10 hunting songs
1.11 berry picking , mushroom gathering songs





work songs

work songs among oldest forms of folklore. came being when rudimentary manual labor employed. farm implements improved , management of labor changed, many work songs no longer suitable accompanying tasks , began disappear. many of songs became divorced specific job , became lyrical songs on subject of work sung @ time. work songs vary in function , age. there old examples, have retained direct relation rhythm , process of work done. later work songs sing more of person s feelings, experiences , aspirations. older work songs more accurately relate various stages of work done. categorized according purpose on farm, in home, , on.


herding songs

herding songs make considerable portion of repertoire of work songs. further categorized according sings them , subject matter. shepherd songs sung children, while nightherding songs sung adults. shepherd songs can further categorized hollos , signals; verkavimai, or laments sun, clouds or wind; raliavimai (warbles) intended quiet animals; songs bemoaning difficult lot of orphans; children s songs animals, beasts , birds shepherds sing while resting. there 2 subcategories of nightherding songs: ones tending oxen, , others pasturing horses.


the shepherding songs reflect tending of animals, social situation of children, references ancient beliefs. there humorous shepherd songs, not contain biting mockery, good-natured gibes, scenes everyday life of shepherd. archaic , closely related task of herding hollos , signals, laments , warbles.


the primitive forms of shepherding folklore hollos , signals, used call , calm animals, , communication between shepherds. consist of onomatopoeia, such kir-ga-ga, ralio, ėdro ėdro, stingo, uzz birr, etc. melodically hollos simple, consisting of short motifs composed of thirds , fourths.


the recitative-like melodies of shepherds verkavimai akin funeral laments. shepherds bewail fate , ask mother sun warm them, or clouds move on.


the raliavimai or warbles recitative type melodies, distinguished vocable ralio, meant calm animals. raliavimai have no set poetic or musical form. free recitatives, unified refrains. warbles end in prolonged ululation, based on major or minor third.


songs herding oxen dealt job @ hand. sung women, since ones doing herding. images of young love common; reciprocal love, others heartbreak of jilted girl. melodies lyrical.


horse pasturing songs sung men since men ones rode out @ night. songs of love , relationships among young people. melodies of nightherding songs have common stylistic characteristics. many have galloping rhythm , tell love story.


ploughing songs

the cycle of fieldwork on farm begins ploughing. not many of them known exist. among artistically interesting of lithuanian lyrical folk songs. describe work itself, rural life, relationships , love between young people. melodies not specific melody not related movement of work being done. however, rhythm of song coordinated step of ploughman.


haymaking songs

a great number of haymaking songs have been recorded in lithuania. subcategorized hay mowing , raking songs. many songs combine both topics. hay raking songs more melancholy mowing songs, , contain imagery orphan girl. other songs describe of tasks associated haymaking, beginning mowing , ending feeding of hay animals. haymaking songs personify clover or other beautifully blossoming flower, , contain references love. young peoples feelings expressed through images of haymaking process. example, song ein bernelis per lankelę (there goes lad through field) tells of brother working in field steel scythe. plans mow clover , adorn hat before enticing young maiden. in contrast these love songs songs focusing on topic of war. ruefully sing of brother must go off great war. many songs tell off rounding of recruits, shows these songs first half of 19th century.


refrains common in haymaking songs. common vocable used valio, hence — valiavimas, term singing of haymaking songs. vocable sung , broadly, evoking spacious fields , mood of haymaking season.


haymaking songs evidence 2 distinct stages in melodic development. melodies of earlier origin similar other work songs, rye harvesting songs, take central position in work song repertoire. later haymaking songs have wider modal range , structurally more complex. in major , homophonic. however, both types of songs contain vocable valio — in northern highlands (aukštaitija) in samogitia.


rye harvesting songs

the harvesting of rye central stage in agricultural cycle, therefore abundant repertoire of work songs related rye. songs tell of actual harvesting of rye, while others metaphorically portray driven, running row. in songs work considered noble, while in others difficulty of work stressed: mood doleful , sad, love , marriage prevailing topics. images of nature frequent, making entire independent branch song. family relationships between parents , children discussed, special emphasis on hard lot of daughter-in law in patriarchal family. war, mythological elements , orphanage mentioned. in humorous songs specific villages mentioned, mocking young residents, poor harvest, inept masters, surly mowers, etc.


the rye harvest concluded celebration, centered on weaving of rye wreath, called ievaras or jovaras, taking home , presenting master.


the important element of rye harvesting songs unique melodic style, determined close connection ritual , function of work. embodiment of style can found in southeastern lithuania — dzūkija. modal-tonal structure of of these songs revolves around minor third, while others built on major tetrachord.


oat harvesting, flax , buckwheat pulling , hemp gathering songs

rye harvesting songs closely related other work songs: oat harvesting, pulling buckwheat , flax - these tasks had in common , performed women. shared rhythmic , tonal structures attest antiquity.


some buckwheat , oat harvesting songs have distinct texts , consistent melodies, however, in rye harvesting songs, of them never mention work being done. oat harvesting songs sing of lad , maid, of love , marriage. function of song can determined melody. others songs mention work process, naming every step: sowing, harrowing, cultivating, reaping, binding, stacking, transporting, threshing, milling, , eating. in addition monophonic oat harvesting songs of dzūkija, there quite few sutartinės northern aukštaitija, directly related job of growing oats.


buckwheat pulling songs, found in dzūkija, not mention work. reason know sung while pulling buckwheat singers explanations. busy bees in lyrics parallel young maidens busy @ weaving.


many songs associated pulling flax , communal flax breaking. flax pulling songs reflect cycle of tasks of cultivating , harvesting flax. linen objects referred affectionately. in songs images of growing , working flax seen through relationship of boy , girl. humorous flax pulling songs make fun of idlers.


hemp gathering songs closely resemble flax pulling songs.


milling songs

milling songs among oldest work songs. chronicler alessandro guagnini wrote of lithuanian milling songs in 16th century. genre can identified characteristic refrains , vocables, such zizui malui, or malu malu. suggest hum of millstones rhythm of milling. milling done women, , lyrics women s life, work itself: millstones, difficulty of work, feelings of love , family relationships. milling songs begin formula phrase, malu malu aš viena (i mill, mill alone), followed text reminiscent of orphans songs. milling songs have no traditional melodies, characteristically slow, composed, melodic rhythm varies little. closely related work function.


spinning , weaving songs

spinning , weaving songs important of songs work done in home. imagery of both similar , not easy distinguish 1 other. in spinning songs main topic spinning itself, spinner, , spinning wheel. in there humorous references tow or lazy spinners have not mastered art of spinning , weaving time married. spinning songs cheerful , humorous, while others resemble milling songs bemoan woman s hard lot , longing homes , parents. these songs have characteristic melodies. there highly unique spinning sutartinės, typified clear , strict rhythms. texts describe work process, while refrains mimic whirring of spinning wheel.


the main imagery of weaving songs weaving process, weaver, loom, delicate linens. since girls weaving linens fill wedding trousseaux, weaving process highly poeticized.


laundering songs

songs sung while laundering , bleaching interesting , unique, rather infrequent. bleaching process receives more attention laundering. refrain imitates sounds of beetle , mangle — laundering tools. songs hyperbolyze images of mother-in-law s outlandish demands, such using sea instead of beetle, , sky in place of mangle, , treetops drying. daughter-in-law protests, not fish swims in sea, bird flits among trees, , not moon, whirls through sky.


fishing songs

fishing songs sea, bay, fisherman, boat, net, , mention seaside place names, such klaipėda or rusnė. songs depict fishing process: 3 fisherman fishing in krokų lanka floodplain, catching bream, bream spawn, , zander leaping. emotions of young people in love portrayed in ways unique fishing songs. example, 2 brothers went fishing, didn t catch pike, young maiden. monophonic melodies typical of singing traditions of seaside regions of lithuania.


hunting songs

there aren t many hunting songs , not known evolution or time , place sung. hunting motifs expressed — 1 tells of rabbit shot in forest, in urged greyhounds released chase rabbit, deer or sable.


berry picking , mushroom gathering songs

these singular songs. berry picking songs describe young girls picking berries, meeting boys , conversations. mushroom gathering songs can humorous, making light of process of gathering , cooking mushrooms, describing war of mushrooms or weddings.







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