Physical landscape Landscape

1 physical landscape

1.1 geomorphology: physical evolution of landscape

1.1.1 list of different types of landscape


1.2 landscape ecology
1.3 integrated landscape management
1.4 landscape archaeology
1.5 cultural landscape

physical landscape
geomorphology: physical evolution of landscape

geomorphology scientific study of origin , evolution of topographic , bathymetric features created physical or chemical processes operating @ or near earth s surface. geomorphologists seek understand why landscapes way do, understand landform history , dynamics , predict changes through combination of field observations, physical experiments , numerical modeling. geomorphology practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology , geotechnical engineering. broad base of interests contributes many research styles , interests within field.

the surface of earth modified combination of surface processes sculpt landscapes, , geologic processes cause tectonic uplift , subsidence, , shape coastal geography. surface processes comprise action of water, wind, ice, fire, , living things on surface of earth, along chemical reactions form soils , alter material properties, stability , rate of change of topography under force of gravity, , other factors, such (in recent past) human alteration of landscape. many of these factors mediated climate. geologic processes include uplift of mountain ranges, growth of volcanoes, isostatic changes in land surface elevation (sometimes in response surface processes), , formation of deep sedimentary basins surface of earth drops , filled material eroded other parts of landscape. earth surface , topography therefore intersection of climatic, hydrologic, , biologic action geologic processes.

list of different types of landscape

desert, plain, taiga, tundra, wetland, mountain, mountain range, cliff, coast, littoral zone, glacier, polar regions of earth, shrubland, forest, rainforest, woodland, jungle, moors.

panorama of chaîne des puys puy de dôme in winter. massif central, france. example of how past volcanic activity shaped landscape


landscape ecology

landscape ecology science of studying , improving relationships between ecological processes in environment , particular ecosystems. done within variety of landscape scales, development spatial patterns, , organizational levels of research , policy.

landscape central concept in landscape ecology. is, however, defined in quite different ways. example: carl troll conceives of landscape not mental construct objectively given ‘organic entity’, ‘‘harmonic individuum of space’’. ernst neef defines landscapes sections within uninterrupted earth-wide interconnection of geofactors defined such on basis of uniformity in terms of specific land use, , defined in anthropocentric , relativistic way.

according richard forman , michael godron, landscape heterogeneous land area composed of cluster of interacting ecosystems repeated in similar form throughout, whereby list woods, meadows, marshes , villages examples of landscape’s ecosystems, , state landscape area @ least few kilometres wide. john a. wiens opposes traditional view expounded carl troll, isaak s. zonneveld, zev naveh, richard t. t. forman/michel godron , others landscapes arenas in humans interact environments on kilometre-wide scale; instead, defines landscape —regardless of scale—as template on spatial patterns influence ecological processes . define landscape area containing 2 or more ecosystems in close proximity.

integrated landscape management

integrated landscape management way of managing landscape brings multiple stakeholders, collaborate integrate policy , practice different land use objectives, purpose of achieving sustainable landscapes. recognises that, example, 1 river basin can supply water towns , agriculture, timber , food crops smallholders , industry, , habitat biodiversity; way in each 1 of these sectors pursues goals can have impacts on others. intention minimise conflict between these different land use objectives , ecosystem services. approach draws on landscape ecology, many related fields seek integrate different land uses , users, such watershed management.

proponents of integrated landscape management argue well-suited address complex global challenges, such focus of sustainable development goals. integrated landscape management increasingly taken @ national, local , international level, example un environment programme states unep champions landscape approach de facto embodies main elements of integrated ecosystem management .

landscape archaeology


medieval ridge , furrow above wood stanway, gloucestershire, england.

landscape archaeology or landscape history study of way in humanity has changed physical appearance of environment - both present , past. landscape refers both natural environments , environments constructed human beings. natural landscapes considered environments have not been altered humans in shape or form. cultural landscapes, on other hand, environments have been altered in manner people (including temporary structures , places, such campsites, created human beings). among archaeologists, term landscape can refer meanings , alterations people mark onto surroundings. such, landscape archaeology employed study human use of land on extensive periods of time. landscape archaeology can summed nicole branton s statement:

landscapes in landscape archaeology may small single household or garden or large empire , , although resource exploitation, class, , power frequent topics of landscape archaeology, landscape approaches concerned spatial, not ecological or economic, relationships. while similar settlement archaeology , ecological archaeology, landscape approaches model places , spaces dynamic participants in past behavior, not merely setting (affecting human action), or artifact (affected human action) .

cultural landscape

the batad rice terraces, rice terraces of philippine cordilleras, first site included in unesco world heritage list cultural landscape category in 1995.

the concept of cultural landscapes can found in european tradition of landscape painting. 16th century onwards, many european artists painted landscapes in favor of people, diminishing people in paintings figures subsumed within broader, regionally specific landscapes.

the geographer otto schlüter credited having first formally used cultural landscape academic term in 20th century. in 1908, schlüter argued defining geography landschaftskunde (landscape science) give geography logical subject matter shared no other discipline. defined 2 forms of landscape: urlandschaft (transl. original landscape) or landscape existed before major human induced changes , kulturlandschaft (transl. cultural landscape ) landscape created human culture. major task of geography trace changes in these 2 landscapes.

it carl o. sauer, human geographer, influential in promoting , developing idea of cultural landscapes. sauer determined stress agency of culture force in shaping visible features of earth’s surface in delimited areas. within definition, physical environment retains central significance, medium , through human cultures act. classic definition of cultural landscape reads follows:

the cultural landscape fashioned natural landscape cultural group. culture agent, natural area medium, cultural landscape result.

a cultural landscape, defined world heritage committee, cultural properties [that] represent combined works of nature , of man.

the world heritage committee identifies 3 categories of cultural landscape, ranging (i) landscapes deliberately shaped people, through (ii) full range of combined works, (iii) least evidently shaped people (yet highly valued). 3 categories extracted committee s operational guidelines, follows:

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