Polar caps Mars

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mars has 2 permanent polar ice caps. during pole s winter, lies in continuous darkness, chilling surface , causing deposition of 25–30% of atmosphere slabs of co2 ice (dry ice). when poles again exposed sunlight, frozen co2 sublimes. these seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust , water vapor, giving rise earth-like frost , large cirrus clouds. clouds of water-ice photographed opportunity rover in 2004.


the caps @ both poles consist (70%) of water ice. frozen carbon dioxide accumulates comparatively thin layer 1 metre thick on north cap in northern winter only, whereas south cap has permanent dry ice cover 8 metres thick. permanent dry ice cover @ south pole peppered flat floored, shallow, circular pits, repeat imaging shows expanding meters per year; suggests permanent co2 cover on south pole water ice degrading on time. northern polar cap has diameter of 1,000 km (620 mi) during northern mars summer, , contains 1.6 million cubic kilometres (380,000 cu mi) of ice, which, if spread evenly on cap, 2 km (1.2 mi) thick. (this compares volume of 2.85 million cubic kilometres (680,000 cu mi) greenland ice sheet.) southern polar cap has diameter of 350 km (220 mi) , thickness of 3 km (1.9 mi). total volume of ice in south polar cap plus adjacent layered deposits has been estimated @ 1.6 million cubic km. both polar caps show spiral troughs, recent analysis of sharad ice penetrating radar has shown result of katabatic winds spiral due coriolis effect.


the seasonal frosting of areas near southern ice cap results in formation of transparent 1-metre-thick slabs of dry ice above ground. arrival of spring, sunlight warms subsurface , pressure subliming co2 builds under slab, elevating , rupturing it. leads geyser-like eruptions of co2 gas mixed dark basaltic sand or dust. process rapid, observed happening in space of few days, weeks or months, rate of change rather unusual in geology – mars. gas rushing underneath slab site of geyser carves spiderweb-like pattern of radial channels under ice, process being inverted equivalent of erosion network formed water draining through single plughole.








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