Exploration Mars

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panorama of gusev crater, spirit rover examined volcanic basalts



mars science laboratory under parachute during atmospheric entry @ mars


dozens of crewless spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, , rovers, have been sent mars soviet union, united states, europe, , india study planet s surface, climate, , geology.


as of 2016, mars host 8 functioning spacecraft: 6 in orbit—2001 mars odyssey, mars express, mars reconnaissance orbiter, maven, mars orbiter mission , exomars trace gas orbiter—and 2 on surface—mars exploration rover opportunity , mars science laboratory curiosity. observations mars reconnaissance orbiter have revealed possible flowing water during warmest months on mars. in 2013, nasa s curiosity rover discovered mars s soil contains between 1.5% , 3% water mass (albeit attached other compounds , not freely accessible). public can request images of mars via mars reconnaissance orbiter s hiwish program.


the mars science laboratory, named curiosity, launched on november 26, 2011, , reached mars on august 6, 2012 utc. larger , more advanced mars exploration rovers, movement rate 90 m (300 ft) per hour. experiments include laser chemical sampler can deduce make-up of rocks @ distance of 7 m (23 ft). on february 10, 2013, curiosity rover obtained first deep rock samples ever taken planetary body, using on-board drill.


on september 24, 2014, mars orbiter mission (mom), launched indian space research organisation, reached mars orbit. isro launched mom on november 5, 2013, aim of analyzing martian atmosphere , topography. mars orbiter mission used hohmann transfer orbit escape earth s gravitational influence , catapult nine-month-long voyage mars. mission first successful asian interplanetary mission.


the european space agency, in collaboration roscosmos, launched exomars trace gas orbiter , schiaparelli lander on march 14, 2016. while trace gas orbiter entered mars orbit on october 19, 2016, schiaparelli crashed during landing attempt.


future

planned may 2018 launch of nasa s insight lander, along twin marco cubesats fly mars , provide telemetry relay landing. mission expected arrive @ mars in november 2018. nasa plans launch mars 2020 astrobiology rover in july or august 2020.


the european space agency launch exomars rover , surface platform in july 2020.


the united arab emirates mars hope orbiter planned launch in 2020, reaching mars orbit in 2021. probe make global study of martian atmosphere.


several plans human mission mars have been proposed throughout 20th century , 21st century, no active plan has arrival date sooner 2020s. spacex founder elon musk presented plan in september 2016 to, optimistically, launch space tourists mars in 2024 @ estimated development cost of us$10 billion. in october 2016, president barack obama renewed u.s. policy pursue goal of sending humans mars in 2030s, , continue using international space station technology incubator in pursuit.








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