End of Roman persecution under Emperor Constantine (AD 313) Christianity

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an example of byzantine pictorial art, deësis mosaic @ hagia sophia in constantinople


state persecution ceased in 4th century, when constantine issued edict of toleration in 313. on 27 february 380, emperor theodosius enacted law establishing nicene christianity state church of roman empire. @ least 4th century, christianity has played prominent role in shaping of western civilization.


constantine instrumental in convocation of first council of nicaea in 325, sought address arian heresy , formulated nicene creed, still used catholic church, eastern orthodoxy, anglican communion , many protestant churches. nicaea first of series of ecumenical (worldwide) councils formally defined critical elements of theology of church, notably concerning christology. assyrian church of east did not accept third , following ecumenical councils, , still separate today.


the presence of christianity in africa began in middle of 1st century in egypt, , end of 2nd century in region around carthage. mark evangelist started coptic orthodox church of alexandria in ad 43. important africans influenced development of christianity includes tertullian, clement of alexandria, origen of alexandria, cyprian, athanasius , augustine of hippo. later rise of islam in north africa reduced size , numbers of christian congregations, leaving coptic church in egypt, ethiopian orthodox tewahedo church in horn of africa , nubian church in sudan (nobatia, makuria , alodia).


in terms of prosperity , cultural life, byzantine empire 1 of peaks in christian history , orthodox civilization, , constantinople remained leading city of christian world in size, wealth , culture. there renewed interest in classical greek philosophy, increase in literary output in vernacular greek. byzantine art , literature held pre-eminent place in europe, , cultural impact of byzantine art on west during period enormous , of long lasting significance.








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