Disputes over linguistic rights Linguistic rights
1 disputes on linguistic rights
1.1 basque, spain
1.2 faroe islands
1.3 nepal
1.4 sri lanka
1.5 quebec, canada
disputes on linguistic rights
basque, spain
the linguistic situation basque precarious one. basque language considered low language in spain, where, until 1982, basque language not used in administration. in 1978, law passed allowing basque used in administration side side spanish in basque autonomous communities.
between 1935 , 1975, period of franco s régime, use of basque strictly prohibited, , language decline begun occur well. however, following death of franco, many basque nationalists demanded basque language recognized. 1 of these groups euskadi ta askatasun (eta). eta had begun nonviolent group promote basque language , culture. however, when demands not met, turned violent , evolved violent separatist groups. today, eta s demands separate state stem partially problem of perceived linguistic discrimination. however, eta called permanent cease-fire in october 2011.
faroe islands
the faroese language conflict, occurred between 1908 , 1938, has been described political , cultural in nature. 2 languages competing become official language of faroe islands faroese , danish. in late 19th , 20th century, language of government, education , church danish, whereas faroese language of people. movement towards faroese language rights , preservation begun in 1880s group of students. spread 1920 onwards movement towards using faroese in religious , government sector. faroese , danish both official languages in faroe islands.
nepal
the newars of nepal have been struggling save nepal bhasa language, culture , identity since 1920s. nepal bhasa suppressed during rana (1846-1951) , panchayat (1960-1990) regimes leading language decline. ranas forbade writing in nepal bhasa , authors jailed or exiled. beginning in 1965, panchayat system eased out regional languages radio , educational institutions, , protestors put in prison.
after reinstatement of democracy in 1990, restrictions on publishing relaxed; attempts gain usage in local state entities side side nepali failed. on 1 june 1999, supreme court forbade kathmandu metropolitan city giving official recognition nepal bhasa, , rajbiraj municipality , dhanusa district development committee recognizing maithili.
the interim constitution of nepal 2007 recognizes languages spoken mother tongues in nepal national languages of nepal. says nepali in devanagari script shall language of official business, however, use of mother tongues in local bodies or offices shall not considered barrier. use of national languages in local government bodies has not happened in practice, , discouragement in use , discrimination in allocation of resources persist. analysts have stated 1 of chief causes of maoist insurgency, or nepalese civil war (1996-2006), denial of language rights , marginalization of ethnic groups.
sri lanka
the start of conflict regarding languages in sri lanka goes far rule of british. during colonial period, english had special , powerful position in sri lanka. british ruled in sri lanka late eighteenth century 1948. english official language of administration then. before departure of british, swabhasha (your own language) movement launched in bid phase out english slowly, replacing sinhala or tamil. however, shortly after departure of british campaign, various political reasons, evolved advocating sinhala , tamil replacing english sinhala replacing english.
in 1956, first election after independence, opposition won , official language declared sinhala. tamil people unhappy, feeling disadvantaged. because sinhala official language, made easier people mother tongue sinhala enter government sector , provided them unfair advantage in education system. tamils did not understand sinhala felt inconvenienced had depend on others translate official documents them.
both tamil , sinhala-speaking people felt language crucial identity. sinhala people associated language rich heritage. afraid that, given there 9 million speakers of language @ time, if sinhala not official language lost. tamil people felt sinhala-only policy assert dominance of sinhalese people , such might lose language, culture , identity.
despite unhappiness of tamil people, no big political movement undertaken till 1970s. in may 1976, there public demand tamil state. during 1956 election federal party had replaced tamil congress. party bent on attainment of freedom tamil-speaking people of ceylon establishment of autonomous tamil state on linguistic basis within framework of federal union of ceylon . did not have success. in 1972, federal party, tamil congress , other organizations banded new party called tamil united front .
one of catalysts tamil separation arose in 1972 when sinhala government made amendments constitution. sinhala government decided promote buddhism official religion, claiming shall duty of state protect , foster buddhism . given majority of tamils hindus, created unease. there fear among tamils people belonging untouchable castes encouraged convert buddhism , brainwashed learn sinhala well.
another spur impatience of tamil youth in sri lanka. veteran politicians noted current youths more ready engage in violence, , of them had ties rebel groups in south india. in 1974, there conference of tamil studies organized in jaffna. conference turned violent. resulted in deaths of 7 people. consequently, 40 – 50 tamil youths in between years of 1972 , 1975 detained without being charged, further increasing tension.
a third stimulus changes in criteria university examinations in 1970s. government decided wanted standardize university admission criteria, based on language entrance exams taken in. noted students took exams in tamil scored better students took in sinhala. government decided tamil students had achieve higher score students took exam in sinhala enter universities. result, number of tamil students entering universities fell.
after july 1977 election, relations between sinhalese , ceylon tamil people became worse. there flash violence in parts of country. estimated 100 people killed , thousands of people fled homes. among these tensions, call separate state among tamil people grew louder.
quebec, canada
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