History Milliradian

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the palais de rumine, 1 of former buildings of university of lausanne.


the milliradian (approximately 6283.185 in circle) first used in mid nineteenth century charles-marc dapples (1837–1920), swiss engineer , professor @ university of lausanne. degrees , minutes usual units of angular measurement others being proposed, grads (400 gradians in circle) under various names having considerable popularity in of northern europe. however, imperial russia used different approach, dividing circle equilateral triangles (60° per triangle, 6 triangles in circle) , hence 600 units circle.


around time of start of world war i, france experimenting use of milliemes (6400 in circle) use artillery sights instead of decigrades (4000 in circle). united kingdom trialing them replace degrees , minutes. adopted france although decigrades remained in use throughout world war i. other nations used decigrades. united states, copied many french artillery practices, adopted mils (6400 in circle). before 2007 swedish defence forces used streck (6300 in circle, streck meaning lines or marks) (together degrees navigation) closer milliradian changed nato mils. after bolshevik revolution , adoption of metric system of measurement (e.g. artillery replaced units of base meters) red army expanded 600 unit circle 6000 mil one. hence russian mil has different origin derived french artillery practices.


in 1950s, nato adopted metric units of measurement land , general use. mils, meters, , kilograms became standard, although degrees remained in use naval , air purposes, reflecting civil practices.








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