Features Torlakian dialect

1 features

1.1 vocabulary
1.2 cases lacking inflections
1.3 lack of phoneme /x/
1.4 syllabic /l/
1.5 features shared eastern south slavic
1.6 features shared western south slavic

features
vocabulary

basic torlakian vocabulary shares of slavic roots serbian, bulgarian, , macedonian, on time borrowed number of words aromanian, greek, turkish, , albanian in gora region of Šar mountains. also, preserved many words in major languages became archaisms or changed meaning. other features, vocabulary inconsistent across subdialects: example, krashovan need not understand goranac.

the varieties spoken in slavic countries have been heavily influenced standardized national languages, particularly when new word or concept introduced. exception form of torlakian spoken in romania, escaped influence of standardized language has existed in serbia since state created after defeat of ottoman empire. slavs indigenous region called krašovani (krashovans) , mixture of original settler slavs , later settlers timočka krajina (eastern serbia).

cases lacking inflections

bulgarian , macedonian 2 modern slavic languages lost virtually entire noun case system, nouns in surviving nominative case. partly true of torlakian dialect. in northwest, instrumental case merges genitive case, , locative , genitive cases merge nominative case. further south, inflections disappear , syntactic meaning determined solely prepositions.

lack of phoneme /x/

macedonian, torlakian , number of serbian , bulgarian dialects, unlike other slavic languages, technically have no phoneme [x], [ɦ] or [h]. in other slavic languages, [x] or [ɦ] (from proto-slavic *g in h-slavic languages ) common.

the appearance of letter h in alphabet reserved loanwords , toponyms within republic of macedonia outside of standard language region. in macedonian, case eastern towns such pehčevo. in fact, macedonian language based in prilep, pelagonia , words such thousand , urgent iljada , itno in standard macedonian hiljada , hitno in serbian (also, macedonian oro, ubav vs. bulgarian horo, hubav (folk dance, beautiful)). part of isogloss, dividing line separating prilep pehčevo in republic of macedonia @ southern extreme, , reaching central serbia (Šumadija) @ northern extreme. in Šumadija, local folk songs may still use traditional form of want being oću (оћу) compared hoću (хоћу) spoken in standard serbian.

syllabic /l/

torlakian has retained syllabic /l/, which, /r/, can serve nucleus of syllable. in of shtokavian dialects, syllabic /l/ became /u/ or /o/. in standard bulgarian, preceded vowel represented ъ ([ɤ]) separate consonant clusters. not torlakian subdialects retained syllabic /l/ full extent, reflected either full syllabic or in various combinations [ə], [u], [ɔ] or [a]. naturally, /l/ becomes velarized in such positions, giving [ɫ].

features shared eastern south slavic

loss of grammatical case in bulgarian , macedonian
loss of infinitive in bulgarian , macedonian, present in serbian
full retention of aorist , imperfect, in bulgarian
use of definite article in bulgarian , macedonian, lacking in serbian
ə old slavic ь , ъ in positions (bulgarian sən, serbian san, macedonian son)
lack of phonetic pitch , length in bulgarian , macedonian, present in serbian
frequent stress on final syllable in polysyllabic words, impossible in serbian , macedonian (bulgarian že na, serbian žena)
preservation of final l, in serbian developed o (bulgarian , macedonian bil, serbian bio)
comparative degree of adjectives formed particle po in eastern south slavic ubav, poubav, serbian lep, lepši.
lack of epenthetic l, in eastern south slavic zdravje/zdrave, serbian zdravlje
use of što pronoun meaning what, in eastern south slavic rather šta in standard serbian (što preserved in croatian dialects).

features shared western south slavic

in torlakian dialects:

ǫ gave labials u shtokavian serbian, unlike unlabialized ъ in literary bulgarian , in macedonian
vь- gave u in western, v- in eastern
*čr gave cr in western, preserved in eastern
distinction between proto-slavic /ɲ/ , /n/ lost in eastern (s.-c. njega, bulgarian nego).
consonants in final position preserve leniency (serbian grad (written , pronounced), bulgarian/macedonian pronounced /grat/ though of course written -d)
*vs stays preserved without metathesis in eastern (s.-c. sve, bulgarian vse, simplified in macedonian se)
accusative njega in serbian, unlike old accusative on o in eastern (nego)
nominative plural of nomina on -a on -e in western, -i in eastern
ja i, ego in western, (j)as in eastern
mi in western, nie in eastern
first person singular of verbs -m in western, , old reflex of *ǫ in eastern
suffixes *-itjь (-ić) , *-atja (-ača) common in western, not known in eastern

in torlakian dialects:

distinction between plural of masculine, feminine , neuter adjectives preserved in western (s.c. beli, bele, bela), not in eastern (beli masc., fem. , neutr.), not occur in belogradchik area; in eastern regions there masculine , feminine form.
the proto-slavic *tj, *dj gave respectively ć, đ in serbo-croatian, št, žd in bulgarian , ќ, ѓ in macedonian, represented serbian form in west , northwest , hybrid č, dž in east: belogradchik , tran, pirot, gora, northern macedonia. macedonian form occurs around kumanovo.




^ josip lisac. osnovne značajke torlačkoga narječja . kolo.